World War I, the Great War, ended on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month. The War to End All Wars was actually a prologue to a bloody century that filled veterans' cemeteries across the world. Yet it was a special madness, right to the end. The armistice was well in place before 11 a.m. on Nov. 11, 1918, yet fighting and dying went on right up to that moment.
The Great War in so many ways made the world we live in. It destroyed the old world, the last period of peace and globalization. A reader of history marvels in horror at four years of trench warfare, as the British, French, Germans and eventually Americans repeatedly send infantry "over the top" and into the hopeless cauldron of machine guns and high-explosive artillery. The great ossuary at Verdun holds the remains of 130,000 unidentified French and German soldiers that died in a battlefield covering less than eight square miles. More than 250,000 soldiers died in this one battle. Twenty million died in the war.
Nov. 11th is a time to memorialize, but also to reflect. The Great War, for example, hit at a time of discontinuity, a situation we again face. The leaders of both sides in World War I were unable to conceive of how the world had changed militarily since the last major European conflict. Machine guns and powerful artillery made their tactics obsolete. Yet so frozen were their minds that they had no real answers but to keep doing the same thing over and over, hoping for a better result, wiping out a generation of young men. Only exhaustion, internal unrest and the weight of American
intervention brought the calamity to a close -- to be followed by an
epidemic that killed another 20 million.
They had no excuse, considering that European armies had observers at the American Civil War, nearly half a century before, where many of the challenges of modern warfare were first bloodily displayed. Yet their minds were frozen in the past. The same thing could be said of the causes of the war -- to our age they seem trivial. These are today's members of the European Union; then they were linked by trade, a shared civilization and intermarriage of royal families.
Yet the leaders of these nations looked backward, particularly Germany's Kaiser Bill, as he was called by my grandmother, a woman for whom the close reality of the Great War never faded. They neither realized the changed world, nor the tools they possessed for self-destruction (or, had another path been taken, for redemption). The rest of the century, people would ask, "How could they have been so foolish?" Kipling, who lost his son in the war, wrote, "If any question why we died/ Tell them, because our fathers lied."
Take what lessons you will. America allowed itself to be misled into a Middle Eastern quagmire that has taken our blood and treasure, when even a casual reading of history would show it was folly and we had other threats at hand. We fumbled an insurgency in Iraq just three decades after painfully learning how to combat one in Vietnam. Now we're desperately trying to salvage unsustainable economic, living and transportation systems rather than reinventing them. We've fumbled into new tensions with Russia with the same oafishness of the British diplomats in 1914, though let us hope without the same consequences. We are paralyzed before the great dangers of global warming and peak oil. The times call for supple minds. Today, especially, we need to remember that.